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¿Qué es el IAF?<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

El índice de área foliar (IAF) es la expresión numérica adimensional resultado de la división aritmética del área de las hojas de un cultivo expresado en m2<\/sup> y el área de suelo sobre el cual se encuentra establecido, también expresado en m2<\/sup>. El IAF permite estimar la capacidad fotosintética de las plantas y ayuda a entender la relación entre acumulación de biomasa y rendimiento bajo condiciones ambientales imperantes en una región determinada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

¿Qué aplicación tiene?<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Es una herramienta útil para el desarrollo de modelos predictores de cosecha y una forma precisa de estimar la capacidad de captura de luz del dosel vegetal. Aunque la intercepción de luz tiende a saturarse en IAF>3, la distribución de las hojas puede afectar la eficiencia de uso de la luz. El IAF también sirve para evaluar el desarrollo y crecimiento de los cultivos en los estudios de requerimientos hídricos  y evaluaciones sobre eficiencia bioenergética o  determinar el daño producido por plagas y enfermedades sobre el follaje. La estimación del rendimiento en distintos cultivos  puede basarse en el IAF determinado en alguna etapa fenológica y previamente correlacionado mediante algún método de determinación: destructivo, no destructivo, in situ<\/em> o determinaciones por métodos empíricos. Esta correlación deberá ser realizada para un cultivo bajo condiciones regionales acotadas. A nivel experimental se ha demostrado que la acumulación de materia seca  hasta la cosecha y el IAF son características con estrecha correlación con el rendimiento para cultivos como: cereales, tubérculos, solanáceas, leguminosas y cultivos industriales, sin descartar a otros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

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<\/strong>¿Cómo se mide?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

El IAF puede estimarse por diferentes métodos, algunos de estos se describen brevemente a continuación:\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Métodos destructivos<\/u>: consiste en la toma de muestras representativas del cultivo y se contabiliza el área foliar por medio de ceptómetros (integrador de área electrónico).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Cálculo empírico del IAF<\/em>: Tomar dos plantas por unidad de estudio, medir y multiplicar largo por ancho de cada hoja, el resultado multiplicarlo por el factor 0.75, sumar los valores obtenidos de cada hoja por planta, promediar resultados de cada planta. Posteriormente determinar el área de suelo ocupada por planta. Finalmente el IAF será determinado dividiendo el aérea foliar de la planta entre el área de suelo ocupada por  esta.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 1. Ceptómetro para integrar área foliar por método destructivo. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Foto: Colpos<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

\"Formula\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Métodos no destructivos<\/u>: El ceptómetro lineal  estima el IAF in situ<\/em>. Estos equipos pueden calcular el IAF con alto coeficiente de correlación con el rendimiento (R2<\/sup>= 0.9) para condiciones de riego. El principio del funcionamiento de estos equipos es medir la intensidad lumínica sobre y debajo del dosel del cultivo, para el empleo de estos aparatos debe además considerarse: ángulo solar y cielo despejado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Algunos estudios en Maíz<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Para estos fines y para el caso de gramíneas se distinguen tres periodos  de crecimiento:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

a)<\/strong> Plantas pequeñas que no se sombrean entre sí con tasas de crecimiento y acumulación de materia seca exponenciales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

b)<\/strong> Cuando el cultivo cubre por completo el suelo maximizando la intercepción de luz con tasas de crecimiento constante y el incremento de peso en seco se da de forma lineal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

c)<\/strong> Cuando llega la senescencia de las hojas y se presenta decremento en la tasa de crecimiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

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Figura 2. Relación entre IAF y el rendimiento de grano en maíz. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Créditos: Inifap<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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En este punto cabe aclarar, solo la radiación dentro del espectro visible de 400 a 700 nanómetros está disponible para ser usada por el cultivo, realizar fotosíntesis e impactar en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. El IAF máximo para el caso de maíz es alcanzado durante la floración. La acumulación de materia seca es influenciada por la tasa fotosintética que la planta logra interceptar y la nutrición mineral que recibe.\r\n <\/p>\r\n\r\n

En la Figura 2 se observa la correlación obtenida entre el IAF y el rendimiento de grano de maíz en ton\/ha para la región de San Andrés Tuxtla Veracruz, en experimentos de espaciamiento entre plantas y distancia entre surcos para rendimientos potenciales de hasta 10 ton\/ha.  Mediante el modelado por regresión lineal se encontró  que por cada unidad de aumento del IAF muestreado en la floración se  obtiene un incremento de 567 kg\/ha. Este dato se obtuvo luego de la evaluación de 18 tratamientos durante 3 años (1999-2001) en densidades de  71,000 plantas\/ha.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuentes consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Acosta D. E. 2008. Relación entre Índice de Área Foliar y Rendimiento en Frijol bajo condiciones de Secano.  INIFAP.  Nuevo León Mex.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Warnok R. 2006. Área Foliar, componentes del Área Foliar y Rendimiento de Seis Genotipos de Caraota. Universidad central de Venezuela. Aragua Ven.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Tinoco C. 2008. Arreglo Espacial de Híbridos de Maíz, Índice de Área Foliar y Rendimiento. INIFAP. Veracruz México.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Camacho. R. G. 1995. Caracterización de Nueve Genotipo de Maíz (Zea mays L.) en relación a Área Foliar y Coeficiente de Extinción de Luz. Universidad central de Venezuela. Venezuela.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-06-17 18:16:16","updated":"2019-04-23 19:19:16","published":"2016-06-20 10:33:12","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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\r\n \r\n\r\n\t\t\t

¿Qué es el IAF?<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

El índice de área foliar (IAF) es la expresión numérica adimensional resultado de la división aritmética del área de las hojas de un cultivo expresado en m2<\/sup> y el área de suelo sobre el cual se encuentra establecido, también expresado en m2<\/sup>. El IAF permite estimar la capacidad fotosintética de las plantas y ayuda a entender la relación entre acumulación de biomasa y rendimiento bajo condiciones ambientales imperantes en una región determinada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

¿Qué aplicación tiene?<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Es una herramienta útil para el desarrollo de modelos predictores de cosecha y una forma precisa de estimar la capacidad de captura de luz del dosel vegetal. Aunque la intercepción de luz tiende a saturarse en IAF>3, la distribución de las hojas puede afectar la eficiencia de uso de la luz. El IAF también sirve para evaluar el desarrollo y crecimiento de los cultivos en los estudios de requerimientos hídricos  y evaluaciones sobre eficiencia bioenergética o  determinar el daño producido por plagas y enfermedades sobre el follaje. La estimación del rendimiento en distintos cultivos  puede basarse en el IAF determinado en alguna etapa fenológica y previamente correlacionado mediante algún método de determinación: destructivo, no destructivo, in situ<\/em> o determinaciones por métodos empíricos. Esta correlación deberá ser realizada para un cultivo bajo condiciones regionales acotadas. A nivel experimental se ha demostrado que la acumulación de materia seca  hasta la cosecha y el IAF son características con estrecha correlación con el rendimiento para cultivos como: cereales, tubérculos, solanáceas, leguminosas y cultivos industriales, sin descartar a otros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

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<\/strong>¿Cómo se mide?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

El IAF puede estimarse por diferentes métodos, algunos de estos se describen brevemente a continuación:\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Métodos destructivos<\/u>: consiste en la toma de muestras representativas del cultivo y se contabiliza el área foliar por medio de ceptómetros (integrador de área electrónico).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Cálculo empírico del IAF<\/em>: Tomar dos plantas por unidad de estudio, medir y multiplicar largo por ancho de cada hoja, el resultado multiplicarlo por el factor 0.75, sumar los valores obtenidos de cada hoja por planta, promediar resultados de cada planta. Posteriormente determinar el área de suelo ocupada por planta. Finalmente el IAF será determinado dividiendo el aérea foliar de la planta entre el área de suelo ocupada por  esta.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 1. Ceptómetro para integrar área foliar por método destructivo. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Foto: Colpos<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

\"Formula\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Métodos no destructivos<\/u>: El ceptómetro lineal  estima el IAF in situ<\/em>. Estos equipos pueden calcular el IAF con alto coeficiente de correlación con el rendimiento (R2<\/sup>= 0.9) para condiciones de riego. El principio del funcionamiento de estos equipos es medir la intensidad lumínica sobre y debajo del dosel del cultivo, para el empleo de estos aparatos debe además considerarse: ángulo solar y cielo despejado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Algunos estudios en Maíz<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Para estos fines y para el caso de gramíneas se distinguen tres periodos  de crecimiento:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

a)<\/strong> Plantas pequeñas que no se sombrean entre sí con tasas de crecimiento y acumulación de materia seca exponenciales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

b)<\/strong> Cuando el cultivo cubre por completo el suelo maximizando la intercepción de luz con tasas de crecimiento constante y el incremento de peso en seco se da de forma lineal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

c)<\/strong> Cuando llega la senescencia de las hojas y se presenta decremento en la tasa de crecimiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

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Figura 2. Relación entre IAF y el rendimiento de grano en maíz. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Créditos: Inifap<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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En este punto cabe aclarar, solo la radiación dentro del espectro visible de 400 a 700 nanómetros está disponible para ser usada por el cultivo, realizar fotosíntesis e impactar en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. El IAF máximo para el caso de maíz es alcanzado durante la floración. La acumulación de materia seca es influenciada por la tasa fotosintética que la planta logra interceptar y la nutrición mineral que recibe.\r\n <\/p>\r\n\r\n

En la Figura 2 se observa la correlación obtenida entre el IAF y el rendimiento de grano de maíz en ton\/ha para la región de San Andrés Tuxtla Veracruz, en experimentos de espaciamiento entre plantas y distancia entre surcos para rendimientos potenciales de hasta 10 ton\/ha.  Mediante el modelado por regresión lineal se encontró  que por cada unidad de aumento del IAF muestreado en la floración se  obtiene un incremento de 567 kg\/ha. Este dato se obtuvo luego de la evaluación de 18 tratamientos durante 3 años (1999-2001) en densidades de  71,000 plantas\/ha.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuentes consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Acosta D. E. 2008. Relación entre Índice de Área Foliar y Rendimiento en Frijol bajo condiciones de Secano.  INIFAP.  Nuevo León Mex.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Warnok R. 2006. Área Foliar, componentes del Área Foliar y Rendimiento de Seis Genotipos de Caraota. Universidad central de Venezuela. Aragua Ven.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Tinoco C. 2008. Arreglo Espacial de Híbridos de Maíz, Índice de Área Foliar y Rendimiento. INIFAP. Veracruz México.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Camacho. R. G. 1995. Caracterización de Nueve Genotipo de Maíz (Zea mays L.) en relación a Área Foliar y Coeficiente de Extinción de Luz. Universidad central de Venezuela. Venezuela.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-06-17 18:16:16","updated":"2019-04-23 19:19:16","published":"2016-06-20 10:33:12","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/cereales"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"cereales","article":"el-indice-de-area-foliar-iaf","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"cereales","article":"el-indice-de-area-foliar-iaf","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}